Memory notes
208 notes by 123 users · Page 3 of 6
This Memory notes page gathers user-made Psychology notes on memory models, forgetting and eyewitness testimony. School students, university students and professional candidates can practise these topics, while teachers can find ready-made material. There are over 190 notes from more than 110 users, with resources for school and university study. Pick a note to get started.
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- Memory Processes112
- Coding, Capacity and Duration of Memory113
- Types of Memory233
- Long-Term Memory230
- Models of Memory415
- Multi-Store Model of Memory443
- Working Memory Model308
- Levels of Processing30
- Reconstructive Memory31
- Forgetting175
- Amnesia24
- Eyewitness Testimony370
- Cognitive Interview98
- Memory Improvement Strategies39
- Learning and Memory69
Notes
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Memory I. Early History A. Ebbhinghaus used nonsense syllables with the goal of studying the formation of new associations "uncontaminated" by prior knowledge study--subjects presented with material to learn retention interv...
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Key words and Pschologists Key Terms: Encoding: The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage: Maintaining e...
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Working Memory Model of Memory Working Memory Model AO1The working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch (1974) replaced the idea of a unitary STM. It suggests a system involving active processing and short-term storage of information.Key features inclu...
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Autobiographical narrative “The discourse genre of autobiographical narrative is the central place where personal experiences and their evaluations come to be interwoven with the threads of a life history” (Brockmeier, 2000, p. 53) There are fo...
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STRUCTURE OF WORKING MEMORY - created from Mind Map Multicomponent model. Baddeley & Hitch 1974 assumed one component of WM is a limited capacity speEch based store capable of storing two to three items Second component: described as CENTRAL EXECUTIVE, Third Component:...
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Baddley 1966 experiment Baddeley 1966Aims: To test whether acoustic encoding is used in short term memory, whereas semantic encoding is used in LTM. To confirm Conrad's findings that STM encodes acoustically.Procedure: Acoustically similar w...
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Types of Long-Term Memory Types of Long-Term Memory AO1One of the earliest and most influential distinctions of long-term memory was proposed by Tulving (1972). He proposed a distinction between episodic, semantic and procedural memory.Procedu...
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Summary of Chapter 6 EncodingLevels of processing, relational and item specific, elaboration and maintenance rehearsal, Mandler's dual process model: familiarity + search and retrieval, Hunt and Einstein found item specific can become red...
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Evaluation of the multi-store model of memory Strength1. Great deal of supporting evidence of multi-store model from Lab experiments.Miller found that capacity of STM was 7+/-2 items. Baddeley found that coding in STM - acoustic (sound) and LTM-semantics (meaning...
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Evaluate One model of memory (12m) An example of a model of memory is the multi store memory model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968). Their model describes the way that the sensory system processes information and input it into the brain. The information is...
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Effects on eyewitness testimony YARNEY - Age differencesFound that older adults (45-65) were less confidant at picking a confederate and were generally less accurate. Johnson and Scoot - Children as eyewitnessesChildren were more likely to pick some...
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Untitled Memory: memory is the process of remembering something after the original is no longer present. Short term memory is the store that hold small amounts of information for small amounts of time. Long term memory is a st...
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Autobiographical time “Autobiographical time, the time of the autobiographical process, emerges in a continuous synthesis of various times and time orders” (Brockmeier, 2000, p. 56). Chronological time, the time that humans record through ...
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Key Experiments + People Karl Lashley 1927 - Failed to locate a physical representation of memory in the brain (an engram) Scoville 1953 - Bilateral removal of HM's MTL Dr A Alzheimer 1906 - Characterised Alzheimers Godden & Baddley's Diving ...
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The Cognitive Interview The Cognitive Interview AO1The cognitive interview involves a number of techniques:1 - Context ReinstatementTrying to mentally recreate an image of the situation, including details of the environment, such as the weat...
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Improving Accuracy FISHER ET AL (1987) Studied real life interviews by detective officers in Florida over a 4 month period Witnesses frequently bombarded with series of brief, direct, close-ended questions aimed to elicit facts
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LTM - created from Mind Map amnesia ribot's law secondary memory is ltm (james)
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: Baddeley (1966) - created from Mind Map experiment 1 experiment 2 experiment 3
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Age and the Effect on Eye Witness Testimony Age and the Effect on Eyewitness TestimonyAnastasi and Rhodes et al. (2006)- 3 age groups (18-25, 35-45 and 55-78) were shown 24 photographs of people, which were representative of the 3 age groups, and asked to rate ...
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Eye witness testimony - created from Mind Map anxiety age misleading info
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Types of LTM Episodic:Refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) These memories are time-stamped (you remember when they happened) Episodic memories involve several elements such as people, places, noises etc. all which mak...
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Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) - created from Mind Map 3 Stages Encodes into LTM details of event Witness retains information for a period of time. Memories may be lost or modified Witness retrieves memory from storage Accuracy Loftus and Palmer (1974) To see if leading q...
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Anxiety and Eye-Witness Testimony Anxiety and Eyewitness Testimony Deffenbacher meta-analysis 21 studies high levels of anxiety (arousal) negetively affected the accuracy of eyewitness testimony EVALUATION Lacks ecological validity High in generalisab...
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Anxiety and its effects on eyewitness testimony YERKES DODSON LAWThe law states that accuracy is poor when arousal (emotional state) is either low or high. It shows that accuracy is much better under the condition of moderate arousal. This is a curvilinear relation...
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Memory Three Stages of Memory EncodingThe transformation of sensory input into a form that can be registered into the memoryNot everything that registered on the sense are store. Related to selective attentionHow is sensory ...
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The Representation of Knowledge I. Centrality of Meaning in MemoryAnderson--asked subjects to recall the final sentence of a story; in immediate recall, verbatim and logical recall were about the same; in delayed, verbatim recall was significantly w...
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Memory models - created from Mind Map The Multi-store model Evidence to support 3 separate memory stores Strengths Weaknesses The sensory store The serial position effect Areas of the brain associated with STM and LTM Strong evidence of seperate stores Pr...
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Face Identification Systems Face Reconstruction Systems provide a visual representation of a suspect's face. include Identikit, Photofit + computer systems such as Identikit2000, E-Fit and Evo-Fit. although there are many forms of reconstrution ...
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Theories and theorists Encoding: Levels of processing - Craik and Lockhart 1972 Hunt and McDaniel 1993 - item specific and relational processing Dual process model of recognition - Mandler 1980 Hunt and Einstein 1981 - effects of item speci...
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AS level Psychology Unit 1 The Multi-Store Model(MSM)Atkinson and Shriffrin(1968) Sensory memory- evidence from SperlingSTM- limited capacity and duration, mainly acoustic codingLTM- unlimited capacity and duration, mainly semantic encodingProc...
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Jacobs Jacobs 1887Aim: To look at the capacity of the STM Method: Presented with a string of letters or digitsRepeat them back in the same orderNumber of characters increased until failure to recall Results: Usuall...
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Age and Eyewitness testimony Age and Eyewitness Testimony AGE AFFECTS EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY AGE DOES NOT AFFECT EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
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loftus 1979 loftus 1979 aim-to find out if anxiety during a witnessed incident affects the accuracy of later identification. people were exposed to two conditions-group one low key discussion with a man coming out with...
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Encoding As soon as an event occurs and is sensorially and emotionally processed, the hippocampus encodes the memory. Because the brain can only hold onto so much information before the system is overwhelmed, not all memories ...
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Memory Models of memoryDefinitions: Memory: the mental process involved in encoding, storing and retrieving information. Model: A simplified representation of some aspects of the world. Essential Questions: How does our mind...
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Learning and memory Learning and Memory What is learning?: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. S-curve Learning can be intentional or unintentional Can be easy or difficult There ...
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Evaluation of Multi-Store Model Strengths Glanze & Cunitz (1966): found tasks involving learning and recalling word lists. Position of the word was found to affect recall. Primacy effect (transfer to LTM after recall) and Recency effect (stay in STM...
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The Working Memory Model (WMM) Baddeley and Hitch created a model of working memory it's a model of the STM, the working model. The STM is an active processor in which the central executive attends to and works on wither speech based info and passe...
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EXAM NOTES Memory Exam Question...Moving on, what should you be doing in terms of the modules now? Look over the bit in last week's News where I began to preview our study of long-term memory (LTM). As I said there, long-term me...
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UNIT 3 Brain and Memory Memory Invloves ENCODING, STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL of information All information entering the brain passes through the sensory memory and enters short term memory - Then information can either pass to l...