Aggression

Aggression

1. Institutional aggression

   • Yarney (Police and prisons)
     • Method (A01)
       • Studied police murders in the US, which took place in cities where the crimes being investigated involved the use of guns
     • Findings (A01)
       • 1) The police were to be more at risk during robberies than when investigating domestic disputes
       • 2) Police in the US shoot over 400 criminals each year and that over 100 officers die in line of duty
     • Methodological +/-
       • + High ecological validity, results can be generalised to the US due to the number of crimes investigated
   • Jaywardene & Doherty (Police and prisons)
     • Method (A01)
       • Investigated on deaths in Canadian prisons from 1967 to 1981
     • Findings (A02)
       • Of the 65 deaths related to assults, 6 involved members of the prison staff
   • Educational settings
     • Brickman (Schools)
       • Findings (A01)
         • In USA (1974) there were a reported 900 rapes, 12,000 armed robberies, 204,000 reports of aggravated assault and 270,000 burglarries
     • Fraternities! :O
       • What?
         • 1) Have been criticised for the use of force in their initiations and in condoning the sexual assault of women
         • 2) The tradition known as 'hazing' is the ritualistic harassment or abuse of an individual or a group. E.g. burning and brading, kidnapping, drugging and sexual abuse.
       • Nuwer (1990)
         • According to Nuwer..
           • 1) Hazing has contributed to more than 50 deaths in college fraternities & many physical injuries including paralysis.
           • 2) The extreme bhvr in these groups can be explained using the theory of identification.
           • 3) Young men & women are prepared to take part in potentially life-threatening activities in order to belong to a group.
           • 4) Fraternities and sororities are often carried out in secrecy, which makes them difficult to control, but also makes their victims more vulnerable, as members are unwilling to speak out for fear of breaking the code.
       • Martin & Hummer (1989)
         • Findings
           • Studied sexual assult in fraternal life and concluded that fraternities as social institutions actively encourage sexual violence against women as an acceptable norm

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