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Flashcards

Aggression

(umbr)ella English 37 cards

Cards in this deck (37)

  1. 1AO1 Social Learning Theory Bandura's Bobo Doll StudyParticipants were male and female children ranging from 3-5. Half were exposedto to adult models acting aggressively to bobo doll while the other half were exposed to model playing with other toys. Made frustrated by being shown attractive toys they could not play with and then taken to bobo doll room. Aggressive condition reproduced phsysical and verbal aggression. Children in control condition showed virtually no aggression. Boys were more physically agressive.
  2. 2AO1 Social Learning Theory BanduraChildren learn by observing role models that they identify with, the more alike they are then the more likely they are to imitate them. They learn about the consequences by watching others being reinforced or punished, ie. vicarious reinforcement (Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation)
  3. 3AO1 Social Learning Theory BanduraMaintence of behaviour through direct reinforcement.
    As well as expecting outcomes of aggressive actions, children also develop a confidence (high-self efficacy) in carrying out the behaviour.
  4. 4AO2 Social Learning Theory PhillipsFound that daily homicide rates in US were almost always higher the week after a major boxing match. Suggests viewers imitated the behaviour and suggests SLT is applicable to adults too
  5. 5AO2 Social Learning Theory NobleNoble said reasearch was subject to demand characteristics. Nobel observed children before the experiment saying 'look mummy, that is the doll we have to hit'. Bandura responded by replacing doll with a live clown who is not designed to be hit.Produced the same results.
  6. 6AO2 Social Learning Theory !Kung SanSLT explains cultural differences. The !Kun Sang avoid conflict and aggressive behaviour much more than in other societies. Aggressive behaviour is looked down on. For example, during arguments, children are neither rewarded nor punished; they are separated and distracted. Absence of direct reinforcement and aggrassive role models decreases motivation.
  7. 7AO2 Social Learning Theory St. Helena's TVReal-life setting. Study began 2yrs prior to when TV was introduced to the island. Children were some of the best behaved in the world. Observed children in class rooms and playgrounds. Also interviews with teachers and pupils. After TV they used the same measures for 5yrs. Content analysis of TV channels. Did not influence behaviour. Small island and close community acts as a deterrant. Not very good support networks now (divorce, work)
  8. 8AO2 Social Learning Theory Catharsis EffectCatharsis effect is when viewing aggression reduces the behaviour being replicated because it allows a release of emotion without having to be aggressive yourself
  9. 9AO1 Deindividuation Le BonIndividual is transformed a part of a crowd. Anonymity,suggestibility and cognation mean a 'collective mind' takes over. As a result, individual loses self-control and goes against personal and social norms
  10. 10AO1 Deindividuation Zimbardo Stanford Prison ExperimentVolunteer pps already tested for psychological issues. Mock arrests, involving accurate proceedures, occured with a police car collecting participating students of the uni. Simulated prison with pps randomly assigned role of guard (reflective glasses and uniform) or prisoner (smock and a number not name). Recorded findings with hidden cameras. Guards not given specific gudelines of the job. Supposed to last 2 weeks but stopped after 6 days. Guards became abusive and prisoners showed signs of stress and anxiety so much that 5 had to be released early. Shows situation changes people.
  11. 11AO1 Deindividuation Zimbardo Electric ShocksGroups of female students were requiredto give electric shocks to another student to 'aid learning'. Half pps wore lab coats with hoods that hid faces and sat in separate cubicles. The other pps were wore normal clothes and large name tags. Both groups of pps could see the learner being shocked. The hooded group shocked the learner for twice as long.
  12. 12AO1 Deindividuation Prentice-Dunn et al.Disagreed with Zimbardo suggesting anonymity is the key and instead put forward reduced self-awareness.
    If an individual is self-focused then they tend to act according to internalised attitudes and moral standards. If they are submerged in a group hey may lose focus.
  13. 13AO2 Deindividuation MannDescribed collective behaviour of 'crowd bating' suicide jumpers.
    Analysed 21 suicide leaps reported in newspapers and found 10/21 cases where a crowd had gathered to watch, baiting had occurred. Tended to occur at night when the crowd was some distance away
  14. 14AO2 Deindividuation Diener et al. WatsonSuggested a gender difference. Found greater disinhibition of aggression in males.
    Culture differences. Collected data of 23 societies that changed apperance prior to war and the extent they killed, tortured and mutilated victims. Those who changed more were more aggressive
  15. 15AO2 Deindividuation Postmes and Spears ZimbardoMeta-analysis of 60 studies regarding deindividuation. Inconclusive, thus there is insufficient support for the theory. Disinhibition and antisocial behaviour not more common in large groups.
    Zimbardo stressed anonymity and altered conciousness (drugs) can increase prosocial behaviour e.g. music festivals
  16. 16AO2 Deindividuation Johnson and DowningConducted same experiment as Zimbardo wih electric shocks but made one group wear a mask and overalls (similar to Klu Klux Klan) and the other wore nurses' uniforms. The pps dressed in KKK uniforms shocked more than the control group and the pps wearing nurse outfits. Could be due to people responding to normative cues associated with the social context.
  17. 17AO1 Institutional Aggression Importational Model Irwin and CresseyClaim prisoners bring their own social histories and traits with them into prison which influences how they adapt to the environment. Normative systems developed in the outside world are 'imported'
  18. 18AO1 Institutional Aggression Deprivational Model Paterline and Peterson HodgkinsonArgues that the prisoner's aggression is a product of stressful and oppressive conditions from the institution itself. Includes crowding, fear/frustration, staff experience.
    Hodgkinson found trainee nurses are more likely to suffer violent assault than experienced nurses in prison.
  19. 19AO1 Institutional Aggression Hazing Private Andrei Sychev Allan and Madden NuwenPrivate Andrei Sychev was so brutally beaten by older soldiers that he needed amputation. He was a victim of hazing which is a form of institutional bullying used as initiation to reinforce pecking order.
    Allan and Madden did an extensive study of over 11,000 US students involved in clubs and teams;found over half had experienced hazing
    Nuwer said only 3/60 deaths reportedwere women.
  20. 20AO1 Institutional Aggression Between Groups Genocide Staub MilgramHolocaust and the Tutsi/Hutu genocide in Rwanda are examples. Staub's 5 stage process: 1. difficult conditions 2. Scapegoating of less powerful group 3.Negative evaluation and dehumanisation 4. Moral rules become inapplicable = killing 5. Passivity of bystanders
    Dehumanisation means targets are seen as worthless animals not worthy of moral consideration e.g. Tutsi 'cockroaches'
    Obedience to authority - Milgram believed holocust due to pressure to obey. Link to shock study.
  21. 21AO2 Institutional Aggression Importational Model - Irwin and Cressey Harer and SteffensmeierSupport. Harer and Steffensmeier collected data from 58 US prisons and found black inmates had significantly higher rates of violent behaviour but lower alcohol and drug related problems than white males.Parallels racial differences in US society.
  22. 22AO2 Institutional Aggression Deprivation Model - Paterline and Peterson McCorkle et al.McCork et al.found overcrowding, lack of privacy and the lack of meaningful activity, all influence peer violence.
  23. 23AO2 Institutional Aggression Glazing McCorkle Definition issuesMcCorkle found in prisons the domination of the weak was seen by inmates as essential to maintaining status, with passive behaviour seen as being weak and provoking exploitation
    In a survey of US students 1/5 students had experienced hazing according to the researchers definition but only 1/20 considered themself to have experienced it.
  24. 24AO2 Institutional Aggression Obedience to authority Mandel GoldhagenMandel rejects Milgram's claim that obedience to authority was sufficient to explain the Holocaust. He says it is monocausal,i.e. reductionist.
    Goldhagen suggests main causal factor was strong anti-Semitism entrenched in German people so they condoned the behaviour
  25. 25AO1 Neural Mechanisms in Aggression Seratonin - Mann Dopamine - LavineSeratonin is thought to reduce aggression by inhibiting responses to emotional stimuli. Low levelsof seratonin have been linked to impulsive behaviour, aggression and even violent suicide. Mann gave 35 pps a drug to deplete seratonin and made them taake a questionnaire to assess hostility and aggression levels but found it only affected males.
    Link between dopamine and aggression not well established but some evidence. Lavine increased dopamine activity using amphetamines and found a correlation with aggression.
  26. 26AO2 Neural Mechanisms in Aggression Seratonin - Raleigh Dopamine - Couppis and KennedyRaleigh studied vervet monkeys and seratonin. Found when fed high levels of tryptophan (which increases seratonin) they became less aggressive. And when given low levels of tryptophan they became aggressive
    Couppis and Kennedy found that in mice a reward pathway in the brain becomes engaged inresponse to aggression and that dopamine is invloved as a positive reinforcer. Suggests individuals will intentionally seek out aggressive events for reward sensation
  27. 27AO1 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Testosterone -Wingfield's Challenge Hypothesis Dabbs et al. LindmanWingfield's Challenge Hypothesis proposes in monogamous species testosterone levels rise in response to social challenge e.g. threat to status and dispute over a female
    Dabbs et al. measured salivary testosteone in violent and non-violent criminals. Violent criminals had high levels of testosterone whereas those with lowest levels only commited non-violent crimes.
    Lindman found aggressive drunks had high levels of Testosterone
  28. 28AO1 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Cortisol- Dabbs et al. VirkkunenDabbs et al.said high levels of cortisol inhibit testosterone levels so inhibit aggression.
    Virkkunen found low levels of cortisol in habitual violent offenders.
  29. 29AO2 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Testosterone - Albert et al Mazur Cortisol -McBurrnetteAlbert et al. claim thereis inconsistent research linking testosterone to aggression. Say studies claiming a correlation have small sample sizes and use self-report measures of aggression
    Mazur believes that we should distinguish beween aggression and dominance
    McBurnette supports role of cortisol with a 4yr study of boys with behavioural problems. Low cortisol boys displayed 3x more aggressive symptomsthan higher cortisol boys
  30. 30AO2 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Testosterone - Archer et al.Archer et al. did a study which showed that women with higher testosterone levels had higher occupational status, possibly a result of being more assertive.Gender bias just focusing on males because women may respond to challenge in same way
  31. 31AO1 Genetic Factors in Aggression Coccaro Hutchings and MednickMonozygotic twins share 100% genes, while dizygotic share 50% genes. If aggression is due to genes then the monozygotic twins would be morealike in terms of aggresive behaviour. Found over half of variance in aggression due to genetics.
    Hutchings and Mednick. 14,000 adoptions studied; found boys who had criminal convictions often had fathers with criminal convictions
  32. 32AO1 Genetic Facors in Aggression Brunner et al.A gene responsible for producing MAOA has been associated with aggressive behaviour. It regulates seratonin and low levels are linked to impulsivity and aggression. Dutch family study found many of its males had been involved in rape and arson - had MAOA-L (low levels)
  33. 33AO1 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Caspi et al.Caspi et al. studies 500 boys and found 2 variants of MAOA (high and low). Low levels weremore likely to exhibit antisocial behavoiur but ONLY is maltreated as a child. Shows interaction of nature vs nurture
  34. 34AO2 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Miles and CareyMiles and Carey carried out a meta-analysis of 24 twin and adoption studies. Found a strong genetic role. However could be due to inaccurate methodology as data collected using self-report had more of a correlation to genes being reason for aggression than data collected by observation
  35. 35Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression Daly and Wilson Buss Wilson et al.Daly and Wilson claim men have evolved to deter femalepartners from committing adultery by being jealous to deal with parental cuckoldry
    Buss suggests males have evolved specifically to mate. He restricts her sexual autonomy (direct guarding) and gives threats (negative inducement)
    Wilson et al. carried out a questionnaire and females that reported their partners to be jealous were twice as likely to have experienced violence with 72% needing medical attention
  36. 36AO1 Evolutionary Explanations of Aggression Wilson and DalyLooked at homicides in Detroit and found 43% or male victims and 41% of male perpetrators were unemployed despite only 11% in the stae being unemployed. Suggests lack of resources means inability to attract long-term mates
  37. 37AO2 Evolutionary Explanations of Aggression Shackelford Buss Duntley and Buss - cultureUxoricide (wife-killing) is more common in younger women which condradicts evolutionary logic as hen they are most reproductively valuable.
    Buss explains that if the man cannot have her then by killing her, he prevents competitors from
    Yanomamo used aggression to gain status but !Kung San believe it damages reputation

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Flashcards on Aggression, created by (umbr)ella on 31/05/2014.
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